Thermoelectric Cooler:
inside view of thermoelectric coolerThermoelectric coolers are solid-state heat pumps that operate according to the Peltier effect. Peltier effect is a theory which states that a cooling or heating effect occurs as electric current passes through two conductors. The voltage which is applied to free ends of two dissimilar materials; typically P and n-type semiconductor elements causes a temperature difference. This is soldered between two ceramic plates. Electrically in series and thermally in parallel as DC current flows through at least one pair of elements. The temperature at the junction decreases, allowing it to absorb heat from the environment. The heat is then carried through the cooler via electron transport and is released on the opposite hot side as the electrons move from a high to low energy State.
Peltier cooling then causes the heat to move between the two ends. The heat pumping capacity of a thermoelectric cooler is proportional to the current and the number of pairs of the N and p-type elements. These materials are preferred for this application to achieve the Peltier effect because they are easily optimized for pumping heat and can also control the type of charge carried within the conductor.
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