Air Conditioners: Explained.

 

Major Parts:

            In the major components or parts of an air-conditioner, there is a compressor, there is a condenser, an expansion valve, and finally, an evaporator that can also be called a cooling effect generator. There is a fan over here, and these are the connecting pipes that connect all these parts together.

Working:

            Let's look into the working of all parts of the air-conditioner. The basic principle of air-conditioning is to remove the heat from one area and replace it with Chilled air and expel the hot air to the outside atmosphere and for this exchange of heat, we use a special fluid which is called refrigerant or coolant. We can think of the refrigerant as the messenger or traveler because this refrigerant is the actual carrier or medium of heat exchange between the external environment and these internal components by brand name. We call this refrigerant Freon thus, the coolant or refrigerant Freon is a fluid that flows through these connecting pipes and parts of the air-conditioner and changes States from liquid to vapor or vapor to liquid at convenient temperatures.

For the refrigeration cycle or air-conditioning

Process, now at the first step the compressor starts working. The job of the compressor is to pressurize or compress the refrigerant Freon and we know that if pressure increases, it also increases. The temperature so when the compressor compresses the refrigerant Freon in its gaseous state by squeezing the gas very tightly together. It will heat up we heat up the refrigerant to get its temperature higher than the outdoor temperature. Since the heat naturally flows from hotter to colder bodies. To dispense heat outdoors, the refrigerant must be hotter than the air outdoors. This is why, we need the compressor to increase its pressure and thus, its temperature then, this high pressure and high-temperature gas vapor of Freon will go to the condenser through these connecting pipes. After that in the condenser, high pressure and high-temperature gas vapor of Freon will change its form from gas to liquid at the same temperature that is. The temperature will remain the same the condenser will just change the physical state of the refrigerant Freon from gaseous form to liquid. This condenser coil is in the outdoor air conditioning unit, placed outside of our home. The heat energy is absorbed from the hot gaseous refrigerant. With the aid of the condenser fan, this heat is expelled to the environment as the heat leaves the refrigerant to the outside environment, turning back into a liquid.

We can think of it as the opposite of the evaporator coil because the evaporator coils contain cold refrigerant whereas the condenser coils contain hot refrigerant. Now, this high temperature condensed liquid refrigerant will leave the condenser, and enter the expansion valves through this connecting pipe. When the refrigerant leaves the condenser in its liquid state, it has already given away heat to become liquid from the gas. But it is still too hot to enter the evaporator coils. Before the refrigerant passes to the evaporator coils, it must be cooled down. This is where the expansion valve comes in.

We know that compression and expansion are opposites from one another. Here in compression, we need to increase the temperature of the refrigerant. So, we increased pressure by compressing the refrigerant Freon and thus, increased the temperature. So similarly, now we need to cool down the temperature of the liquid refrigerant that is coming from the condenser. So for this purpose, we have to cause expansion, reducing the pressure between the refrigerant molecules, which will cool it down simultaneously.

 

Now, this is what happens in the expansion valve. The expansion valve depressurizes i.e. lowers the pressure of the refrigerant and cools it down. It also controls the amount of refrigerant or voltage flow entering the evaporator. Now, the low-pressure cold liquid refrigerant enters the space where we want to produce cooling. That is this cold liquid is now ready to absorb heat from the indoor environment and produce cooling. So, this low-pressure cold liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator coils. These evaporator coils are very important to an air-conditioner. The evaporator is the indoor air conditioning unit. We pulse inside our home where the air conditioner actually picks up the heat from inside our home. The copper tubes of the evaporator receive the depressurized cold liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve and when indoors all blows over the cold coils, the heat from inside the home gets absorbed by this cold refrigerant.

This is because of the second law of thermodynamics which states that: heat flows naturally from a hot to a cold place. As this cold liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from the indoor air, it starts to evaporate to form a vapor, and thus, the refrigerant in this evaporator unit absorbs heat from our home and converts it into vapor and as a result, our home environment loses heat and cools down. This fan circulates the cold air from this coil surface for the cooling effect.

Now, this hot gaseous refrigerant after absorbing heat again goes through the compressor. Thus, the process is repeated continuously in a closed loop and the air conditioner keeps cooling our home continuously.

 

That was the working of an air conditioner.

Stay tuned, Bye.

Fast charging: Explained.

 

Introduction:

            With phones backing in of the core CPUs, and 4k displays, there's only so much smartphone battery can handle it. Now one way to improve battery life would be to stop in a bigger battery. However, that's not exactly a solution. Quick charging or fast charging is one such stopgap method, that manufacturers are implementing to buy Sai until a new battery technology comes along.

Quick Charging:

            Quick charging is a technology, originally developed by Qualcomm which involves pumping a phone's battery with high power till it reaches about 50% and then trickles charging it the rest of the way. Now, this technology is also licensed to other OEMs like ISSU, Samsung, or Motorola to name a few, who then go on to add their own marketing names like saying Turbo Power or adapter fast charging. Now even though, the names might be different. The underlying technology is essentially the same thing. So technically, you could use a Motorola charger on the Samsung phone and still have quick charging. For a quick charge to work, you're going to need two main things. First of all, you need a compatible power adapter, and, secondly, you also need a smartphone with the necessary electrical circuitry onboard to deliver that high power to the battery. Now even though your phone might not be powered by a Qualcomm chipset, it can still support a quick charge.

Power:           

            Most current generation smartphones are compatible with Qualcomm quick charge 2.0 technology. These come bundled with a type aired after which is rated at 5, 9, or 12 volts. However, there's also a tight B adapter that's rated at 20 volts. So, how exactly is the final power output determined? Now take, for instance, your typical A USB port on your PC which is rated at 5 volts at 0.5 amperes which gives you a total power output of around 2.5 watts. Similarly, a Samsung Galaxy Note 4 power adapter is rated at 9 volts at one point six amperes giving you a total power output of fourteen point four watts. This is a lot more power than what you would get from a USB port. This is why it can charge the phone a lot quicker.

            Recent USB type-c smartphones like the Nexus 5x and the Nexus 6p also support fast charging but why an industry-standard rather than Qualcomm technology? This is why Qualcomm quick charge adapters might not always work well with these smartphones. Now, we should see smartphones equipped with Qualcomm switches 3.0 technology. This new version allows for faster charging times but more importantly. It also adds support for granular voltage scaling. This means that your smartphone will be able to ask for the precise amount OFM power needed, thereby avoiding excessive power wastage and unnecessary overheating.

 

 

Stay tuned.

Bye.

Servers: Explained.

 

Servers:

            A server is a software component or dedicated hardware that can accept requests from multiple clients; and providing suitable responses after processing their request. The device that makes the request and receives a response from a server is called a client. A server is a centralized machine where, multiple clients can connect through the LAN (Land Area Network), or over the internet through which they can connect to a server to request for a specific service.

Requested Service:

            The requested service can be anything. For example, the article which you're reading was posted by me on blogger. Server and you can read it by using a web browser on your phone or laptop. Clients request the involved server to show the article. And the server responds back. With the content, a server is not just a physical computer; but rather a role that computer takes.

Types:

            Let's discuss some of the common types of servers.

Firstly an application server, next, there is a database server. After that is the DNS server. Also, we have a file server, mail server, and webserver.

Some servers are committed to a specific task and are often referred to as dedicated like they are only dedicated to handling one of those requests only. Such as one server for the website, one server for the database, and one server for email. This can happen only in big organizations. But in small

In organizations where the requirements are not as much as big as large organizations, you can set up a server to handle all those requests in a single machine that can take on the responsibility of email, DNS and, even multiple websites.

 

These were the basics about Servers. I will publish a detailed article about it.

Stay tuned.

Bye.

Power Amplifiers: Explaned.

 

Power Amplifier:

            A power amplifier is an electronic device that's designed to raise line level signals to speaker level.

Working:

Instruments and microphones produce very low output power often just a few millivolts and this is nowhere near strong enough to drive a speaker. A free app is used to increase instrument or mic levels to line level at 0.316 or one points to three volts. Much more robust but, still not enough to drive a speaker. A power amplifier takes that line-level signal and increases it to speaker level.

So, as an example, what this means a thousand watts of power into 8 ohms requires around 90 volts at about 11 amps of current. That's a much stronger signal than you get out of an instrument or out of a preamp. So, a power amplifier is doing a tremendous amount of heavy lifting. In the system, a power amplifier might be a standalone device; such as a rack-mountable power amp used to drive TA speakers or onstage monitor wedges, or even studio monitors.

A power amplifier could be integrated into a device such as the power amp section in a guitar amplifier or the power amplifier built into an active studio monitor or a powered PA speaker. Originally, power amplifiers used vacuum tubes to increase the level of signals, and many guitar amplifiers as well as some hi-fi audio file systems still use vacuum tubes. Later, the tubes were replaced with transistors, which made power amps lighter and more compact, less expensive, and more durable. Traditional power amplifiers have long used linear technologies or designs, where tubes the transistors are used as valves. That controls the amount of power produced. In simple terms, the audio signal feeds on one side of the tube or transistor, and power from the AC wall outlet comes on the other side of the tuber. Transistor uses the incoming wall voltage to increase the level of the signal, where it can drive a speaker. There's a linear relationship between the analog incoming signals. The power voltage, and the analog speaker level output signal.

Today, many power amplifiers use Class D technology is also known as switch mode. Class D utilizes pairs of power transistors that work together to produce a square wave. This square wave is modulated by the incoming audio signal to create the output signal. At the speaker level, a technique known as pulse width modulation Class D is much more efficient than linear. And the way, in which it's implemented means that amplifiers can be made much smaller, lighter, and cheaper. While producing high levels of power, you may sometimes see a Class D power amplifier; referred to as a digital amplifier. But there's nothing digital about the process. The amplifier uses analog switching principles but not digital. Encoding and the signal are never converted to ones and zeros.

When choosing a power amplifier for a studio, monitor, or live sound system application, the key is to get enough clean power. In most cases, it's not too much power that blows or damages speakers but its distortion or clipping created in an overdriven and underpowered power after the cause of problems.

Power amplifiers are often used to enhance the tone and even dad distortion to the signal.

This is the working of a power amplifier.

Stay tuned,

Bye.

 

 

Batteries: Explained.

 

Can you imagine a world where all electrical appliances have to be plugged in? Flashlights, cellphones, and toys would be tethered to electrical outlets, making them clumsy, and inconvenient?

Batteries:

            Batteries provide portable and convenient sources of energy for powering devices without wires or cables. A dry cell is a common type of battery, used today. It basically converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy.

Basic structure:

In the most basic terms, a battery cell is made up of three components:

·         An anode

·         A cathode

·         The electrolyte

Working of a Battery:

In the dry cell, zinc is the anode. The graphite core is the cathode, and ammonium chloride paste acts as an electrolyte. Due to a chemical reaction within the battery, the anode builds up an excess of electrons. This causes an electrical difference between the anode and the cathode. The electrons want to rearrange themselves and displace the extra electrons in the cathode. However, the electrolyte ensures that the electrons cannot travel directly to the cathode.

When the circuit is closed with the help of a conductive path between the anode and cathode, the electrons can travel to the cat holder. This in turn provides power to any appliance placed along the way over time. This electrochemical process alters the chemical makeup. In the anode, and cathode, and eventually, they stop providing electrons.

This is how a battery dies. Batteries provide us with a mobile source of power that makes many model conveniences possible.

 

 

This is how a battery works.

Stay tuned.

Bye.

 

 

 

Speakers: Explained.

 Structure:

            The basic speaker design has a motor that drives the speaker back and forth; attached to a cone to translate this movement into pressure waves; that travel through the air.

Working Principle:

            Let's look at each part in depth. The motor, a voice coil, and a magnet work together. To form the speaker motor, the voice coil has a long section of thin copper wire wound many times around a heat-resistant cylinder, called the former. When electricity flows through the copper windings, it naturally generates a surrounding magnetic field. This phenomenon is what makes an electromagnet. An electromagnet can act just like a permanent magnet and yet incredibly, its polarity or the positive and negative pull orientation and magnetic intensity can be changed by altering the supplied electric current. It can instantly be made stronger or weaker, reversed, or turned off completely. A large permanent magnet or natural magnet surrounds the voice coil. This magnet has a top plate and a backing plate with a pull piece through the center. To focus the magnet's field through the gap, an intricate electrical signal flows through the voice coil windings, causing it to move back and forth. As its magnetic field pushes and pulls against that of the permanent magnet, this electrical current is a precise replica of the audio that was originally recorded. In fact, the entire sound is contained in this impossibly detailed signal the cone and suspension. The cone translates voice coil movement into waves that travel through the air. It has its own flexible suspension system which is made up of the surround on the outside and the corrugated spider. At its center, the dust cap keeps debris and unwanted material out of sensitive internal areas. Underneath the dust cap, the voice coil's copper leads attach to more flexible wires; called tinsel leads that can smoothly deform with intense speaker movement, recreating the whole symphony.

Producing of Sounds:

If a speaker only moves back and forth, how does it reproduce an entire symphony of sounds at the same time?

Let's look at basic sound wave operation. Air is an elastic medium meaning that it returns to its original shape. Once an acting force is removed, the speakers push and pull air molecules; making them ram into each other in a domino effect. This wave reaches and moves your eardrum which sends a signal that your brain interprets as sound. You could even say that hearing is just movement detection while it's often easier on paper to draw waves as a bouncy line.

In reality, sound waves are three-dimensional areas of high and low pressure. When we turn up the volume, the speaker pushes harder; sending more forceful waves through the air. The sound waves pushing force is its amplitude. To make high and low sounds, the speaker vibrates faster or slower. The wave rate is its frequency which is measured in hertz or in musical terms, its note pitch from waves to music. A musical instrument produces a unique waveform when played. Just one note has low mid and high-range vibrations; combined into a complex sound wave. The most apparent frequency of a vibrating guitar string may be a G-note and yet many smaller twitches and movements travel through the string at the same time; producing tones that your ear also detects.

One speaker can handle the whole sound like earphones. For example, in large spaces where sound waves need to travel further, some audio setups divide specific frequency ranges between specially designed speakers. A speaker intended for low and slow frequencies has a much different design than speakers made for high and fast frequencies.

 

Stay tuned.

Bye.